Socrates on Oratory, Desire, Power, and Good in Gorgias 447a-468e Essay Example for Free

Socrates on Oratory, Desire, Power, and Good in Gorgias 447a-468e Essay To critically assess the language of Socrates within the work Gorgias, a look will be taken at the key steps to refutation and how Gorgias, and later Polus, may have failed in his attempt, and further, how Socrates makes the argument that tyrants, like orators or politicians, have no real power and that they are unable to act upon their own desires because they are crippled by the very power that makes them powerful. When Socrates and Chaerephon arrive at the lecture of Gorgias, Callicles makes the blithe joke that Socrates never lowers himself to such an argument that he is about to make—but he, like an arrogant rooster, forces his way into a refutation that Gorgias never knew was coming. By way of manipulating Chaerephon into asking the questions that spark the dialogue, Socrates gets Gorgias to admit that he is a rhetorician, and that even the ability to teach others the way of rhetoric is attributed to him. However, in his attempt at precision in language, Gorgias does exactly what Socrates intended to accuse him of doing—being unable to define his being and purpose in life purely because he sought to, and admitted he was best at, explaining things in the simplest of terms. Socrates refutation follows to first get Gorgias to define something, then to expound upon that with niceties and confusion, getting Gorgias to further his argument and, essentially, dig himself into the hole that Socrates planned all the while to push him into. Furthermore, Socrates is indisputably the ideal debater because of his innate ability to disarm his opponents by getting them to not only agree with him, but to abandon their beliefs as well. He patronizes Gorgias over and over, claiming that he isn’t trying to offend, he is a nice guy just trying to understand, but, indeed, Socrates knows very well the subject matter that he tries to get Gorgias to explain and is merely entering into such debate to prove a point. He leads the conversation in such a way that Gorgias never had a chance, even though, before the conversation began, Gorgias believed himself one of the best rhetoricians around and was very pleased with his previous lecture. Because Gorgias made the bold claim that he could answer any question put to him, Socrates dove in to make the point of how very wrong Gorgias is. To Socrates, Gorgias was merely easy prey. In making such a audacious statement, Socrates knew that he had to put Gorgias into his place—which was that he really had no idea what he was talking about all along. Gorgias had it in his head that the theory of rhetoric was, essentially, the art of speaking. Much later, Socrates convinces Gorgias that rhetoric is actually the art of persuasion, which irrevocably leads Gorgias into his greatest contradiction—that of morality in persuasion. But, despite whatever one might say about Socrates’ character, he does make a philosophical point that the nature of words and arguments cannot be so simply stated. Especially one so indefinable as rhetoric. With his refutation of Gorgias, Socrates gets Gorgias to claim that rhetoricians have the ability to speak in a manner that is more persuasive than a professional in the same field, but that because all rhetoricians practice a certain code of morality, that they would not act in such a manner as to fool people into believing they are a professional when they are not. In this, Socrates has Gorgias beat. Because, as Socrates adeptly catches, anyone who practices moral ethics would not behave in such a manner, and thus, what Gorgias has described cannot exist because of that contradiction. Socrates is ultimately about finding and defining the contradiction in any argument. Throughout his refutation with Gorgias, Socrates makes Gorgias define his belief, without a doubt, and then crushes him in an instant by proving how he is wrong. Gorgias, for his part, opened himself up to this messy refutation by making his bold claim, but, in a way, he stood no chance against Socrates’ bullying. In fact, Socrates entered into this refutation for the mere result of making Gorgias look the fool in front of the assembled crowd that he had just given a lecture to—to make Gorgias look very bad indeed in front of the people he had just been proud of himself for teaching. In essence, Socrates delivers a low blow and ultimately destroys Gorgias’ reputation instantly. The conversation follows a few beats later to the claim that Socrates makes to Polus that tyrants, like orators, or politicians, have no great power because in doing what seems best, politicians strive to do what is good for them—and in this is their failing, because in their attempt to do what they believe is best for themselves, politicians are unable to do what they want. Socrates explains that politicians are the weakest of humans because they have the innate gene that makes them follow the whims of others, and, paradoxically, are unable to choose what they want to do—which makes them excessively weak. And thus, those who have the most power have the least. Socrates makes the distinction that in doing what one thinks is best, one is often unable to do what one wants. In his argument, Socrates brings up the scenario that a politician might have to execute someone for the betterment of all, despite the fact that the politician might not want to go through with this execution at all. In this, Socrates defines that politicians have very little power at all—because they have to act for the community, they are literally unable to act solely for themselves. And, it is because of this nature that they have no power. Of course, Polus is forced to agree with Socrates because he can give no argument to the contrary. But, consider what Polus was unable to argue. While a politician may have to make decisions for the betterment of his community, he still has the ultimate choice of whether or not to go through with any action, and further, he has the choice, in his heart, that he must know is not only the right choice but the choice that will actually be what he wants to do. Indeed, one could argue that a politician that is unable to make choices for himself is the weakest creature, but, if all politicians are such weak creatures, who then is running the country? There has to be someone pulling the strings—and he has to be a master orator to make those strings move in a desirable way. Perhaps Socrates is correct in his assessment, but, it can also follow that Socrates is just a pompous bully rounding on the playground to make others feel the shame of being unable to stand up for their own values. If Socrates can be said to have a talent, it is the ability to make others immediately and irrevocably give up their core beliefs without, really, much argument at all. Sure, Gorgias put up a bit of a fight, but it was clear from the beginning that he never had a chance against Socrates—Callicles made it clear that Socrates was being kind to condescend to Gorgias’ level. In fact, no one does. Because Socrates enters into every conversation with the idea of drawing a simple question into a refutation that his opponent never saw coming and never had a fair chance of avoiding. Bibliography. Plato. (1994). Gorgias. Trns. Robin Waterfield. New York: Oxford UP.

The Death Of The Virgin :: essays research papers

Death of the Virgin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Michelangelo Merisi was born in Caravaggio, Italy in 1573. He grew up to be known by the name of his birthplace, Caravaggio, and as an artist. He was probably the most revolutionary artist of his time, breaking the rules of previous artists. Carvaggio had spent his childhood in the presence of art, living with a painter for four years before moving to Rome to work as an assistant to other painters. In about 1595, he began to sell his paintings through a dealer, who brought him to the attention of the Cardinal. At the age of 24, he was called upon by the Cardinal Francesco del Monte to paint for a church. He was criticized a lot for the realistic and dramatic nature of his works. Despite the criticism, he was a recognized, and eventually envied painter. While in Rome, he was imprisoned for several assaults. He fled the city and eventually ended up in Naples in about 1607. Here, he painted for a while. During this period, his paintings were dark and urgent, reflecting his feelings at the time. He left and continued to stay undercover for two more years before being arrested and dying not long thereafter. During this period, however, his paintings were among the best of his career. Caravaggio’s Death of the Virgin was painted in 1605-1606, in France, probably on his run to Naples.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Death of the Virgin requires some background information to fully understand the meaning of the painting. The Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ has a special place of devotion especially in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches and is considered a historical work, to these and other religions. Caravaggio was not influenced much by other painters. He was making up his own style of painting. A critic of the age, Giovanni Pietro Bellori wrote: â€Å"Caravaggio deserves great praise, as he was the only one who attempted to imitate the nature as opposed to the general trend in which painters imitated other painters.† Another critic said that he had â€Å"abandoned beauty and was interested in depicting reality.† While one may suspect that other artists of the age would have avoided this new realism, many actually borrowed it unconsciously. This particular painting was refused as an altarpiece for Santa Maria della Scala in Rome becaus e of the way the Virgin is represented, her body swollen, limp limbs, and her feet uncovered.

Occupational Therapy Efficacy After Stroke Health And Social Care Essay

This meta analysis of the referenced surveies aim to measure efficaciousness of occupational therapy: whether it focused specifically on personal activities of day-to-day populating improves recovery for patients following shot and to cognize does.Occupational therapy aims to assist people make their maximal degree of map and independency in all facets of day-to-day life. Reviewing 07 surveies with 1178 participants, people who had a shot were more independent in personal activities of day-to-day life like feeding, dressing, bathing, toileting and traveling approximately and more likely to keep these abilities if they received intervention from an occupational healer after shot. Abstract ( around 200-250 words ) Aims A systematic reappraisal of surveies proving the effectivity of occupational therapy in station shot patient, focused specifically on personal activities of day-to-day populating improves recovery for patients following shot. Datas beginnings We searched EBSCOMEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library ( 2000- 2010 ) . AMED: Choice standards Selection standards included surveies that used randomized controlled tests of an occupational therapy intercession compared to usual attention or no attention, where shot patients practiced personal activities of day-to-day life, or public presentation in activities of day-to-day life was the focal point of the occupational therapy intercession. Review methods A meta-analysis, utilizing a random effects theoretical account, of 24 programmes identified in 19 tests. Effect sizes were adjusted by reverse discrepancy weights to command for surveies ‘ sample sizes.Findings.Main ConsequenceWe identified 64 potentially eligible tests and included nine surveies ( 1258 participants ) . Occupational therapy intercessions reduced the odds of a hapless result ( Peto odds ratio 0.67 ( 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) 0.51 to 0.87 ; P = 0.003 ) . and increased personal activity of day-to-day life tonss ( standardised mean difference 0.18 ( 95 % CI 0.04 to 0.32 ; P = 0.01 ) . For every 11 ( 95 % CI 7 to 30 ) patients having an occupational therapy intercession to ease personal activities of day-to-day life, one patient was spared a hapless result.DecisionsPatients who receive occupational therapy intercessions are less likely to deteriorate and are more likely to be independent in their ability to execute personal activities of day-to- day life. However, the exact nature of the occupational therapy intercession to accomplish maximal benefit demands to be defined..Chapter 1: Introduction:The overall purpose of this meta analysis was to measure the effectivity of OT in station shot patient. Extensive literature hunt was done by turn uping published shot rehabilitation direction intercession surveies that measured personal activities of day-to-day populating results among stroke patient. Datas were extracted from survey studies which included intercessions designed to better station shot activities of patient. From WHO ‘s study of planetary load of shot it was found that Worldwide 15 1000000s people suffer a shot yearly. 5milloin of these dices and another 5 million are left for good disabled, doing load on household and community. High blood force per unit area and baccy usage are considered as a major hazard factor for shot ( WHO, 2010 ) . The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) defines Stroke as â€Å" a clinical syndrome of resumed vascular beginning, typified by quickly developing marks of focal or planetary perturbation of intellectual map enduring more so 24 hours or taking to decease † ( WHO, 1978 ) . The causes of shot can be classified as: IschaemicA cause: blood supply to encephalon stopped due to formation of blood coagulum. It causes 70 % of all instances. Haemorrhagic: A encephalon harm caused due to spliting of blood vas which supply blood to encephalon There is besides a related status known as aA transient ischemic attackA ( TIA ) , which affect 35 people per 100,000 of population each twelvemonth and is associated with a really high hazard of shot in the first month of event upto one twelvemonth ( Coull, et al. , 2004 ) . In transeunt ischaemic onslaught the blood supply to the encephalon is temporarily interrupted due to inadequate intellectual or optic blood supply which is due to low blood flow, thrombosis or intercalation. Symptoms last for less than 24hours doing a kind of ‘mini-stroke ‘ ( Hankey and Warlow, 1994 ) . The hazard of decease due to stroke depends on its type like TIA has the best result whereas obstruction of an arteria is more unsafe, with rupture of blood vass. It has found that even if state is holding progress engineering and installations 60 % people die or become dependent doing high cost of intervention ( WHO, 2010 ) . Those of Afro-Caribbean beginning are at increased hazard of holding a shot, and the figure of people affected by the status is higher among this cultural group than any other. This is because people of Afro-Caribbean beginning have a familial sensitivity ( a natural inclination ) to developing diabetes and bosom disease, which are two conditions that can do shots. Ischaemic shots occur when blood coagulums block the flow of blood to the encephalon. Blood coagulums typically form in countries where the arterias have been narrowed or blocked by fatty cholesterol-containing sedimentations known as plaques. This narrowing of the arterias is known asA coronary artery disease. As the age progresss, our arterias become narrower, but certain hazard factors can perilously speed up the procedure. Hazard factors include: smoke, high blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) , fleshiness, high cholesterin degrees ( frequently caused by a high-fat diet ) , and a household history of bosom disease or diabetes. Diabetess is besides a hazard factor, peculiarly if it is ill controlled, because the extra glucose in the blood can damage the arterias. Haemorrhagic shots occur when a blood vas in the encephalon explosions. The chief cause of this is high blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) , which can weaken the arterias in the encephalon and do them prone to divide or tear. The hazard factors for high blood force per unit area include: being overweight, imbibing inordinate sums of intoxicant, smoke, a deficiency of exercising, and emphasis, which may do a impermanent rise in blood force per unit area. A individual ‘s cultural group can besides be a hazard factor for high blood force per unit area. One-half of all people of black-African or Caribbean beginning who are over 40 old ages of age are likely to hold high blood force per unit area. Research has suggested this is because people of African beginning have an increased sensitiveness to the effects of salt, which can do their blood force per unit area to lift. A hemorrhagic shot can besides sometimes occur as a consequence of a traumatic caput hurt ( NHS Choices, 2008 ) . Every twelvemonth, an estimated 150,000 people in the UK have a shot. That is one individual every five proceedingss ( Office of National Statistics, 2001 ) .The encephalon harm caused by shots agencies that they are the largest cause of grownup disablement in the UK. Peoples who are over 65 old ages of age are most at hazard from holding shots, although 25 % of shots occur in people who are under 65 old ages of age. It is besides possible for kids to hold shots ( NHS Choices, 2008 ) . Around 1000 people under 30 have a shot each twelvemonth. Stroke can ensue in many different disablements runing from motor control and urinary incontinency to depression and memory loss. Disablement has been conceptualized by the universe wellness organisation in footings organ disfunction ( damages ) , disablement ( trouble with undertaking ) , and disability ( societal disadvantage ) ( Post shot rehabilitation, 1995 ) . The analysis of cost of unwellness of shot by Saka et Al ( 2009 ) has found that shot has greater impact on economic system of UK, as intervention of and productivity loss originating due to stroke cost ?8.9 billion a twelvemonth. In which intervention cost is about 5 % of entire UK NHS costs. Direct attention including diagnosing, inmate attention and outpatient attention histories for about 50 % of the sum, informal attention costs 27 % and the indirect costs that is cost ensuing from premature decease due to stroke is 24 % . This survey concluded that chronic stage of shot is most dearly-won and hence suggested better apprehension of long-run attention in footings of its effectivity and cost-effectiveness is necessary. Due to stroke one side of the organic structure may be paralyzed or the musculuss on the affected side may weaken. After shot intervention is comprise of attention and rehabilitation ( Post shot rehabilitation, 1995 ) . During the period of acute inmate attention, patient will have rehabilitation and attention input from a assortment of qualified and unqualified nursing and allied wellness staff. It is hence of import that all staff should be familiar with the effects of shot, and able to efficaciously pull off jobs associating to stroke suitably within their functions. The effects of shot are manifold ; every bit good as the more seeable physical jobs ; stroke subsisters will probably hold a figure of emotional, cognitive, and communicating jobs ( Ross et al, 2009 ) Research shows that patients benefit from intervention in stroke units in the ague and rehabilitation stages ( Indredavik, 2008 ) . Rehabilitation is the procedure of get the better ofing or larning to get by with the harm the shot has caused. It is about acquiring back to normal life and accomplishing the best degree of independency by: relearning accomplishments and abilities ; larning new accomplishments ; accommodating to some of the restrictions caused by a shot ; and happening societal, emotional and practical support at place and in the community. The benefits of shot rehabilitation bundles are good documented ( SUTC, 2000 ) but small is known about the efficaciousness of the assorted constituents of such intercessions. Rehabilitation requires multidisciplinary attack affecting healer ( physical healer, speech healer, and occupational healer ) , physicians, psychologist and societal workers. Occupational healer teaches the patient day-to-day life accomplishments and how to utilize populating AIDSs such as Walkers or bathroom grab bars ( shot rehabilitation, 2010 ) . After stroke life become hard due to disablement caused by it. shot have high morbidity rates which means that patient with shot suffer from both mental and physical disablement following shot. It is the taking cause of lower quality of life in grownups. Rehabilitation offers a opportunity to reconstruct quality of life after shot. Brain damaged caused due to stroke can non be healed but rehabilitation helps a patient in keeping bing abilities and supply scheme for managing disablements cause by shot. Stroke intervention depends on clip continuance after shot, hazard factor that may impact intervention. Depending on these factors stroke intervention include blood dilutant medicine which can fade out a blood coagulum, or encephalon surgery for rupture blood vas. Rehabilitation after shot Begins after acute intervention. It helps in relearning the accomplishments lost due to stroke and counterbalancing for disablement caused by shot. It stroke includes memory rehabilitation, linguistic communication rehabilitation and emotional rehabilitation, motor and centripetal control rehabilitation ( Healthtree, 2010 ) . Functional damage following acute unwellnesss -such as shot – often have terrible physical effects for grownup and older patients ( Desrosiers, 2003 ) . Occupational therapy is an indispensable constituent for the rehabilitation of handicapped patients, holding a broad scope of intercessions available to help individuals towards independency ( cup, 2003 ) . The end of occupational therapy is to reconstruct functional independency when possible and to ease psychosocial accommodation to residuary disablement ( Landi, 2006 ) . The doctrine of occupational therapy is founded on the construct of business as a cardinal component of wellness and wellbeing. Practice in societal attention services embraces the societal theoretical account of disablement and is based on holistic and person-centered attention, stressing the publicity of autonomy and resourcefulness ( College of Occupational Therapists, 2008 ) . The Occupational therapy is normally used in the station shot patients by an occupational healer with the specific purpose of easing personal activities of day-to-day life to better the results for patients following shot. Different tests have been conducted in different states to turn out the effectivity of occupational therapy but there is deficiency of grounds proposing that occupational therapy intercessions can cut down the likeliness of such impairment and better patients ‘ ability to execute personal activities of day-to-day life. Therefore the purpose of this Meta analysis is to measure the efficaciousness of occupational therapy on shot rehabilitation. The chief purpose of occupational therapy ( OT ) is to keep, reconstruct or make a lucifer beneficial to the person between the abilities of the individual, the demands of his or her businesss and the demands of the environment ( Creek, 2003 ) Activity and engagement restrictions in shot typically diminish wellness and well-being As a consequence, betterment of functional abilities, betterment of engagement in society and an increased quality of life are of import results of OT intervention ( Steultjens, 2005 ) . Historically, several intervention attacks have been introduced and adopted by physical and occupational healers. The shot rehabilitation methods adopted by healers vary widely depending on their background cognition, clinical experience, clinical accomplishments, and personal penchants [ 6-9 ] . The handiness of a overplus of intervention methods shows that shot rehabilitation patterns are continually germinating. Previous surveies conducted in the United Kingdom used studies to find common intervention patterns in stroke rehabilitation among physical healers [ 10-11 ] . The consequence of the survey by Landi et Al. ( 2006 ) shows that patients with shot who received the combined plan of physical and occupational therapy had a greater degree of independency in activities of day-to-day life over a period of 8 hebdomads than patients who did non. It has been found from the Cochrane reappraisal of benefits of shot rehabilitation that it reduces about 22 % in decease or dependence and these benefits are more outstanding under and over 75 old ages of age, in both sexes. Length of infirmary stay is besides reduced due to early rehabilitation ( Scots intercollegiate guidelines web, 2002 ) . Stroke is a complex status where cognition base is continuously increasing. There is changeless progress in apprehension of the status, appraisal and intercession techniques. Occupational healers are a critical constituent in the rehabilitation of patient with this status ( Edmans, 2000 ) . Occupational healer work with persons who have conditions that are physically, mentally, developmentally, or emotionally disenabling. They help them develop, retrieve, keep day-to-day life and work accomplishments. The end of occupational healer is to assist their client have independent, fulfilling and productive lives ( Weeks and Zona, 2000 ) .Chapter 2: The Literature SearchChoice standards – brief description of the chief elements of the inquiry under consideration. This is subdivided into: Types of surveies – eg: RCT ‘s Types of participants – the population of involvement. This subdivision may include inside informations of diagnostic standards, if desired or appropriate. Types of intercessions – the chief intercession under consideration and any comparing interventions. Types of result steps – any result measures/endpoints ( for illustration, decrease in symptoms ) that are considered of import by the referee, defined in progress ; non merely outcome steps really used in tests.Definition of Occupational therapyWorld federation of occupational healer ( 2004 ) define Occupational therapy as a profession concerned with advancing wellness and good being through business. The primary end of occupational therapy is to enable people to take part in the activities of mundane life. Occupational healers achieve this result by enabling people to make things that will heighten their ability to take part or by modifying the environment to better support engagement. The hunt scheme for systematic reappraisals of the efficaciousness of OT has identifies randomised test comparing occupational therapy with other intercession or no intercession. It has been done by seeking EBSCO host research database from 2000-2010. The other beginnings are Google Scholar and The Occupational Therapy Research Index and Dissertation Abstracts registry, scanned mention lists of relevant articles, relevant diaries. ( 1999-2010 ) . Fifty-three surveies were identified and abstracted. Four surveies reported entire haemorrhagic shot as the result, which includes intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage.4,7,10,11 None of the surveies reported information on subdural hemorrhagic shots. We have used the term hemorrhagic stroke throughout the article. Two studies consisted of the same instance patients but different controls and were treated as 2 separate surveies. 23,24 From the 53 surveies, 18 were farther excluded for assorted grounds. Two surveies were excluded because combined hazard estimations were reported for work forces and adult females but degrees of intoxicant ingestion were non the same for work forces as for women.49,50 We excluded 5 surveies that examined merely the consequence of orgy imbibing or acute intoxicant ingestion ( within 24 hours before shot ) 51-55 because our survey assessed accustomed intoxicant ingestion and comparative hazard of shot. Five surveies that lacked sufficient informations for computation of comparative hazard estimations were excluded.56-60 The staying 6 excluded studies did non utilize ascetics as the mention group.61-66 We included 19 cohort surveies and 16 instance control surveies in our concluding analysisTypes of surveiesThis survey included randomized controlled tests of shot patients having an occupational therapy intercession provided by an occupational healer. All of the selected surveies intend to better personal activities of day-to-day life compared to usual attention or no attention in station shot patient. If big randomized tests are impractical, we have to pull the most dependable decisions from smaller tests. Unfortunately, the conventional attack, the narrative reappraisal is undependable. Conventional reappraisal normally fails to specify the reappraisal inquiry, to guarantee that all relevant tests are explicitly based on the grounds. Systematic reappraisals set out to better upon narrative reappraisals by using scientific methods to the reappraisal of the research grounds ( Langhorne, et al. , 2008 ) .Types of participants:This survey included the test if the participant of the survey met the clinical definition of shot as defined by WHO â€Å" a clinical syndrome of resumed vascular beginning, typified by quickly developing marks of focal or planetary perturbation of intellectual map enduring more so 24 hours or taking to decease † . All of the included surveies have given clear inclusion standards. They include participant on the footing of clinical diagnosing, except Sa ckley et Al ( 2006 ) included occupants with moderate to severe stroke-related disablement by utilizing Barthel Activity of Daily Living Index mark ( BI score 4 to 15 inclusive ) . Participants with other acute unwellness are excluded from the surveies.Types of intercession:In this survey tests are include if they have following characteristics: aˆ? Occupational therapy intercession which specially focused on activities of day-to-day life and tried to better their personal activities of day-to-day life. aˆ? The tests are included in which control group receives normal attention or no intercession. aˆ? Interventions are provided under the supervising of qualified occupational healer. The survey by Sackley et Al ( 2006 ) has developed an intercession by utilizing bing grounds with the aid of a group of adept occupational healers delivered on single degree. The period of intercession was three month which include occupational therapy and carer instruction, wherasINCLUSION CRITEIA:Researcher included surveies that used randomized or controlled clinical designs, of an occupational therapy intercession, compared to usual attention or no attention. In which stroke patient ‘s public presentation in footings of activities of day-to-day life was the focal point of the occupational therapy intercessionDatas beginningsSelected database is EBSCO host web research database this aggregation of databases provide entree to cardinal diaries, many holding links to full text diary articles. It contains assorted databases as follow: AMED British Nursing Index CINHAL plus with full text Medline with full text SocINDEX with full text The other beginnings are Google Scholar and The Occupational Therapy Research Index and Dissertation Abstracts registry, scanned mention lists of relevant articles, relevant diaries. ( 1999-2010 ) ( See Appendix 1 ) .Cardinal words or term used in literature huntKilowatts: Stroke in Title Rehabilitation in Abstract Randomised controlled trail in AbstractChoice standardsTime frame: 2000-2010 Randomized controlled test Language or national context: English linguistic communication merely Main focal point of paper: Stroke rehabilitation Peer reviewed diary merely National and international surveies.Types of result stepThe out come step are that reflected the alteration in personal activities of day-to-day life in shot patient after having occupational therapyPrimary result( 1 ) Performance in personal activities of day-to-day life ( pADL including: eating, dressing, bathing, toileting, simple mobility and transportations ) at the terminal of scheduled follow up. ( 2 ) Death or a hapless result. Death or a hapless result is defined as the combined result of being dead or: aˆ? holding deteriorated, characterised by sing a impairment in ability to execute personal activities of day-to-day life ( that is, sing a bead in pADL mark ) ; or aˆ? being dependent, characterised by lying above or below a pre-defined cut-off point on a given pADL graduated table ; or aˆ? necessitating institutional attention at the terminal of scheduled follow up.Secondary results of involvement( 1 ) Death at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 2 ) Number of patients dead or physically dependent at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 3 ) Number of patients dead or necessitating institutional attention at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 4 ) Performance in drawn-out activities of day-to-day life ( community and domestic activities ) at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 5 ) Patient temper at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 6 ) Patient subjective wellness position or quality of life at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 7 ) Carer temper at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 8 ) Carer subjective wellness position or quality of life at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 9 ) Patient and carer satisfaction with services We aimed to enter results that reflected resource usage ( that is the figure of admittances to hospital, figure of yearss in infirmary, AIDSs and contraptions provided, figure of staff required per caseload ) . Search methods for designation of surveies See: ‘Specialized registry ‘ subdivision in Cochrane Stroke Group Occupational therapy Secondary resultExclusion Standards:Documents excluded from the reappraisal were plants that focused preponderantly upon: Stroke rehabilitation surveies before 2000. Which are non published surveies Which are other than English linguistic communicationResearch DesignA meta-analysis, by utilizing quantitative methods such as a random effects theoretical account, of 7 randomized controlled test identified literature hunt.Analysis of DatasResearcher will analyze binary results with a fixed-effect theoretical account, as odds ratios ( OR ) with 95 % assurance intervals ( CI ) . For uninterrupted results, a random-effects theoretical account will be used to take history of statistical heterogeneousness. As there is some heterogeneousness between the tests in footings of their design, continuance of follow up and choice standards for patients. Researcher will execute an purpose to handle analysis to cut down potentialA prejudices in footings of followup, publication, and describing prejudice associated withA pull outing informations from published studies. Publication prejudice will be assessed withA a rank correlativity trial and a funnel secret plan. Systematic reappraisals show that occupational therapy increases functional ability and/or societal engagement in aged people and in patients with shot or rheumatoid arthritis. For patients with progressive neurological diseases, intellectual paralysis or mental illnesses the efficaciousness of occupational therapy is still ill-defined because high-quality surveies are missing.Chapter 3 – MethodologyJustification of methodological attack – qualitative or quantitative Methods of the reappraisal – description of how surveies eligible for inclusion in the reappraisal were selected, how their quality was assessed, how informations were extracted from the surveies ( evaluated ) , how informations were analysed, whether any subgroups were studied or whether any sensitiveness analyses were carried out, A major challenge with shot rehabilitation is that the intercession itself is likely to be really complex and non uniform. Any intercession developed by healer or multidisciplinary squad will affect many constituents which may interact in different ways. It is likely that these intercessions may a mixture of both effectual and uneffective elements so it is of import that we are cognizant of variableness between the different tests and we explore this variableness when analysing the consequence ( Langhorne, et al. , 2008 ) .Chapter 4 – The SurveiesDescription of surveies – how many surveies were found, what were their inclusion standards, how large were they, etc. ? Methodological quality of included surveies – were at that place any grounds to doubt the decisions of any surveies because of concerns about the survey quality?4.1 Features of included surveies:Features of included surveiesSurveyMethodParticipantsInterventionResultCindy 2004 HongKong Pretest and posttest randomized control test design -53 participants -Age: 55 old ages or older. -Mean age: 72.1 -With primary diagnosing of shot -Living at place Intervention group received extra home-based intercession in the usage of devices instantly after discharge, but the control group did non. Subjects were assessed by 1.Functional Independence Measure and 2. The Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology. Gilbertson, 2000. Glassgow Single blind randomised controlled test. -138 participants -Mean age: 71 -with clinical diagnosing of shot -were admitted to Glasgow royal hospital NHS trust were Intervention group received 6wk domiciliary programme and control group received included inmate multidisciplinary Rehabilitation. Subjects were assessed by 1.Nottingham drawn-out activities of day-to-day populating graduated table 2. Barthel activities of day-to-day populating index. Landi, 2004 USA -50 Participants -Mean age: 78.3 – With primary diagnosing of ischaemic shot Intervention group received received 8 hebdomads of a combined rehabilitation plan based on occupational therapy and physical therapy received no input from the occupational healers Subjects were assessed by -MDS-PAC – ADL graduated table Logan,2004 United kingdom Randomised controlled test. -168 participants -Mean age: 74 – clinical diagnosing of shot in old 36 months Intervention group received cusps with appraisal and up to seven intercession Sessionss by an occupational healer. Control group received cusps depicting local conveyance services for handicapped people -Postal questionnaires – Nottingham extended activities of day-to-day populating graduated table, Nottingham leisure questionnaire, and general wellness questionnaire. Parker,2000 United kingdom Multicentre randomized controlled test. -466 Participants -Mean age: 72 .Randomization was done in three groups. two intervention groups received occupational therapy intercessions at place for up to six months after enlisting. The General Health Questionnaire ( 12 point ) , the Nottingham Extended ADL Scale and the Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire Logan,2004 United kingdom Randomised controlled test with hidden allotment and blinded appraisal. -168 Participants -Mean age:74 -patients with a clinical diagnosing of shot in the old 36 months Control group received one session consisting of advice, encouragement, and the proviso of cusps depicting local mobility services. intercession group received the cusps plus occupational therapy appraisal and up to seven intercession Sessionss for up to 3 months. Primary result was self-report, Secondary results were 1-self-report of the figure of journeys out-of-doorss in the past month, 2-Nottingham drawn-out activities of day-to-day populating graduated table, 3-Nottingham leisure questionnaire. 4-general wellness questionnaire. Sackley,2006 United kingdom bunch randomized controlled test -118 Participant -Residents with moderate to severe stroke-related disablement – Residents with acute unwellness and those admitted for end-of-life attention. Occupational therapy was provided to intervention group but included carer instruction. control group received usual attention 1-Barthel Activity of Daily Living Index ( BI ) tonss 2-Rivermead Mobility Index.Features of intercession included in surveyWriterSample sizeinterventincontrolconsentRandomization itemPutingCindy 2004 HongKongMeterFGilbertson, 2000. GlassgowMeterFLandi, 2004 USAMeterFLogan,2004 United kingdomMeterFParker,2000 United kingdomMeterFLogan,2004 United kingdomMeterFLogan,2004 United kingdomMeterFChapter 5 Findingss / ConsequencesWhat do the information show? The synthesis of consequences – thematic analysis or statistical analysis. Accompanied by a graph to demo a meta-analysis, if this was carried out.Chapter 6 – DiscussionInterpretation and appraisal of consequences.Chapter 7 – DecisionSubdivided into Deductions for pattern and Implications for research. Stroke patients who receive occupational therapy focused on personal activities of day-to-day life, as opposed to no everyday occupational therapy, are more likely to be independent in those activities. Restrictions of the survey It is hard to plan and carry on high quality clinical tests of rehabilitation. First, the cover of therapies from patient and healer is hard, therefore allowing the debut of prejudice, peculiarly when the individual supplying the intercession is besides the individual making the research, as is the instance with many of the surveies in this reappraisal. Second, while usual or standard attention is recognised as an appropriate control, this may include intercessions that promote activities, which potentially reduces the estimation of the intercession effect.21 Third, it is more hard to obtain credence of randomization in an inmate scene, peculiarly where an occupational therapy service is already established. We excluded four tests that compared one occupational therapy intercession within an active concurrent control arm provided in inpatient scenes as they did non supply an unconfounded estimation of effect.w1-w4 Finally, tests of rehabilitation intercessions typically have drawn-ou t follow-up periods with a hazard of survey dropout. This makes executing a true purpose to handle analysis with complex tonss such as the Barthel index problematic as it is hard to hit for losing participants. Despite these possible concerns, nevertheless, the quality of the included tests was by and large good and the consequences were consistent between tests. Occupational therapy is a complex intercession. Practice includes skilled observation ; the usage of standardized and non-standardised appraisals of the biological, psychiatric, societal, and environmental determiners of wellness ; elucidation of the job ; preparation of individualized intervention ends ; and the bringing of a set of individualized job work outing intercessions. While we are confident that all the intercessions in this reappraisal were consistent with this wide construct of occupational therapy, we recognise that the exact nature of the intercessions in each survey differed harmonizing to the type of patient, the expertness of the healer, and the resources available. The intercessions tested were likely provided by experts and non peculiarly constrained by twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours service factors. Our reappraisal did non compare occupational therapy with alternate rehabilitation intercessions, nor did it analyze the consequence of occupational therapy c ombined with other intercessions.Reference List of Included Studies:Chiu, W. , Y. and Man, D. W. K. , 2004. The consequence of developing older grownups with shot to utilize home-based assistive devices. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Gilbertson, L. , et al. , 2000. Domiciliary occupational therapy for patients with shots discharged from infirmary: a randomized controlled test. BMJ [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Francesco, L. , et al. , 2006. Effectss of an Occupational Therapy Program on Functional Outcomes in Older Stroke Patients [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Logan, P. , et al. , 2004 Randomised controlled test of an occupational therapy intercession to increase out-of-door mobility after shot [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Parker, C. , J. et al. , 2001. A multicentre randomized controlled test of leisure therapy and conventional occupational therapy after shot. Clinical Rehabilitation [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? six [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Sackley, C. , M. et al. , 2004. Occupational therapy in nursing and residential attention scenes: a description of a randomised controlled test intercession. British Journal of Occupational Therapy [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? six [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Walker, M. , F. et al.,1999. Occupational therapy for shot patients non admitted to infirmary: a randomized controlled test [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ]REFRENCE LISTAdamson, J. , Beswick, A. , Ebrahim, S. 2004. Is stroke the most common cause of disablement. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovasculer Disease [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.strokejournal.org/article/S1052-3057 ( 04 ) 00070-9/abstract [ Accessed 21st July 10 ] British Heart Foundation, 2005. Coronary Heart Disease statistics. London. British Heart Foundation [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heartstats.org/uploads/documents48160_text_05_06_07 [ Accessed 21st July 10 ] College of Occupational Therapy. 2004. What is occupational therapy? [ Online ] Available at: www.cot.org.uk [ Accessed 18th July 10 ] . College of Occupational Therapists ( 2008 ) COT place statement: the value of occupational therapy and its part to adult societal service users and their carers London: College of Occupational Therapists Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mayden.co.uk/house/apps/doclibrary/documents/pdf/ [ Accessed 18th July 10 ] . Coull, A. , Lovett, J. , and Rothwell, P. , 2004. Population base survey of early hazard of shot after transeunt ischemic onslaught or minor strpke: deductions for public instruction and administration of services. British Medical Journal [ Online ] Cup EH, Scholte op Reimer WJ, Thijssen MC, van Kuyk-Minis MA: Dependability and cogency of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure in shot patients. Clin Rehabil 2003 ; 17: 402-409 Desrosiers J, Malouin F, Bourbonnais D, Richards CL, Rochette A, Bravo G: Arm and leg damages and disablements after shot rehabilitation: relation to disable. Clin Rehabil 2003 ; 17: 666-673 D'Souza, A. , et al. , 2002. Probiotics in bar of antibiotic associated diarrhea: meta analysis. Edmans, J. , 2000. Occupational Therapy and Stroke [ Onlone ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.amazon.co.uk/Occupational-Therapy-Stroke-Judi-Edmans/dp/1861561989 [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Egger, M. , Davey, S. , and Altman, D. , ( explosive detection systems ) . Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Meta-analysis in Context. London: BMJ Books, Glasziou, Paul, 2001. Systematic reappraisals in wellness attention: Apractical usher. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press Gresham, G. , Duncan, P. and Statson, W. , 1995. Prioritie for future research, Clinical pattern guidelines figure 18. US section of wellness and human services, Agency for wellness attention policy and reseaech, Rockwell, Maryland, AHCPR publication Hankey, G. , and Warlow, C. 1994.Transient ischemic onslaughts of the encephalon and oculus. London: WB Saunders. Healthtree, 2010. Stroke rehabilitation [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthtree.com [ Accessed twentieth September 10 ] Indredavik B, Bakke F, Slordahl S, Rokseth R, Haheim L. Stroke unit intervention improves long-run quality of life: a randomized controlled test. Stroke1998 ; 29: 895-9. Landi, F. , at el. , 2006. Effectss of an Occupational Therapy Program on Functional Outcomes in Older Stroke Patients Gerontology 2006 ; 52:85-91 Langhorne, Peter, D. , Martin, 2008. Stroke Unit of measurements: An grounds based attack John Wiley & A ; Sons, Ltd NHS Choices, 2008. Stroke [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Stroke/Pages/Complications.aspx [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Office of National Statistics, 2001. Stroke incidence and hazard factor in a population based cohort survey. Health statistics quarterly [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/article.asp? ID=1512 & A ; Pos=8 & A ; ColRank= [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Ross, J. Barton, J. , and Read, J. 2009. Staff in-service preparation on post-stroke psychological and communicating issues Sakai, O. , Mcguire, A. and Wolfe, C. Cost of shot in the United Kingdom [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //ageing.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/1/27.full.pdf+html [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Scots intercollegiate Guideline Network, 2002. Management of patients with shot: Rehabilitation, bar and direction of complication, and discharge planning. A national clinical guideline [ Online ] Available at: www.sign.ac.uk [ Accessed thirtieth September 10 ] Steultjens EMJ, Dekker J, Bouter Leemirjise, Cornelia, H. M. , 2006. Evidence of the efficaciousness of occupational therapy in different conditions: an overview of systematic reappraisals Stroke rehabilitation, 2008 Available at: www.stroke.org.uk [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] [ SUTC ] Stroke Unit Trialists ‘ Collaboration. Organised inmate ( stroke unit ) attention for shot. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001 [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000197.html [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Walker, M. , et al. , 2004. Individual Patient Data Meta Analysis of Randomised Controlled Tests of Community Occupational Therapy for Stroke Patient. Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/35/9/2226 [ Accessed 22nd July 10 ] . Weeks, R. , 2000. Opportunities in Occupational Therapy Careers. USA: N T C/Contemporary Publishing Company Wolfe, A. , Tilling, K. , and Rudd, A. , G. 2000. The effectivity of community based rehabilitation for shot patients who remain at place: a pilot randomized test. Clinical Rehabilitation 2000 World federation of occupational healer ( 2004 ) Definition [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wfot.com/office_files/final % 20definitioncm20042.pdf [ Accessed 22nd July 10 ] . World Health Organisation, 1978. Cerebrovascular Disorder: A Clinical and Research Classification. Geneva. World Health Organisation. Offset publication [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf [ Accessed 22nd July 10 ] . World Health Organisation, 2010. Cardiovascular Disease: Death from shot [ Omline ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf [ Accessed 2nd September 10 ] . 6. Nilsson LM, Nordholm LA. Physical therapy in shot rehabilitation: Bases for Swedish physical therapists ‘ pick of intervention. Physiother Theory Pract. 1992 ; 8 ( 1 ) :49-55. 7. Carr JH, Mungovan SF, Shepherd RB, Dean CM, Nordholm LA. Physiotherapy in shot rehabilitation: Bases for Australian physical therapists ‘ pick of intervention. Physiother Theory Pract. 1994 ; 10 ( 4 ) :201-9. 8.Sackley CM, Lincoln NB. Physiotherapy intervention for shot patients: A study of current pattern. Physiother Theory Pract. 1996 ; 12 ( 2 ) :87-96. 9. DeGangi GA, Royeen CB. Current pattern among Neuro Developmental Treatment Association members. Am J Occup Ther. 1994 ; 48 ( 9 ) :803-9. [ PMID: 7526690 ] 10. Lennon S. Physiotherapy pattern in shot rehabilitation: A study. Disabil Rehabil. 2003 ; 25 ( 9 ) :455-61. [ PMID: 12745940 ] 11. Lennon S, Baxter D, Ashburn A. Physiotherapy based on the Bobath construct in shot rehabilitation: A study within the UK. D HL4066 Meta Analysis Practical This is a ego directed survey and practical. It gives the chance to rehearse meta analysis accomplishments which may be utile if you decide to utilize that methodological analysis in your concluding thesis. Read the information on Wolf in the meta analysis booklet Decide on a subject that you would wish to look into, place a research inquiry ( note this does non hold to be an original inquiry but it may assist your thesis and profileif it was Determine your hunt standards Determine your inclusion standards What type of informations will you pull out? Design a information extraction signifier Carry out a hunt, using your key words and inclusion standards Identify between 4 and 10 surveies to include in your meta analysis Decide what package you will utilize and obtain a transcript either by purchase, download or Cadmium from a book Extract your informations utilizing the information extraction signifier you have designed Input your informations to your package Trial for heterogeneousness Decide what theoretical account you are traveling to utilize based on the consequence of the heterogeneousness trial Carry out the analysis Trial for prejudice Meta Analysis Resources Cochrane Handbook 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cochrane-handbook.org/ The Cochrane Collaboration Open Learning Material hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cochrane-net.org/openlearning/HTML/mod0-3.htm Leandro, G ( 2005 ) Meta-analysis in Medical Research: The enchiridion for the apprehension and pattern of meta-analysis. BMJ Books Easy to read book with Meta analysis package Software A figure of commercial and free packages are available. Below is a choice but hunt cyberspace for more. Meta analysis 5.3 written by Ralph Schwarzer hypertext transfer protocol: //userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/meta_e.htm MIX 1.7 Can be used with Excel hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mix-for-meta-analysis.info/ Stat pages reviews a figure of free packages hypertext transfer protocol: //statpages.org/javasta2.html Revman hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cc-ims.net/revman Interpret your resultsisabil Rehabil. 2001 ; 23 ( 6 ) :254-62. Researcher ID is: F-7307-2010 ( for rahila )

Linux and Windows Pros and Cons

Linux and Windows: Pros and Cons Windows is known to be a traditional operating system due to its simplicity and popularity among average users. But nowadays more and more people, working with PCs, tend to turn to Linux operating system. So, let us consider major pros and cons of the two systems for us to be able to make a choice. Two main advantages of Linux operating system usually mentioned by its followers are: High level of adjustability. Sometimes it is quite difficult to make OS Windows work the way you need, whereas Linux is a real apotheosis of adjustability of all its features and services. High level of security if compared to Windows. There is a strong reason to believe, that Linux significantly leaves Windows behind in terms of security. Linux-community releases patches practically on the same day the message about program errors pops up. Linux users are proud to say, that this operating system has never been a victim to a single virus that broke free. Besides, a lot of Linux variants can be obtained free of charge or their price is much lower than those of the Microsoft Windows products. Linux versions are extremely reliable and you can use them for years without any problems, whereas reliability of the last versions of Windows leaves much to be desired if compared to Linux. At the same time, Widows OS is much easier to navigate. An average user can easily get lost in the variability of Linux settings. For those users, who started working with Windows it can be quite difficult to get used to the peculiarities of Linux. So, it is not the issue of which system is better, it is about what kind of work you plan to do with the help of this system and which parameters of the OS are crucial for your success.